방랑이 ...

DDL(Data Definition Language) 은 데이터베이스의 스키마 객체를 생성(CREATE),

변경(ALTER), 제거(DROP) 하거나 권한의 부여나 박탈(GRANT, REVOKE), 주석(COMMENT),

자료의 버림(TRUNCATE) 등을 수행하는 문장의 집단을 의미한다.

각 문장은 CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, GRANT, REVOKE, COMMENT 등으로 시작한다.

이 밖에도 많은 종류의 DDL이 존재한다. 그러나 PL/SQL 블록에서는 DDL을 사용할 수 없다.

DML(Data Manipulation Language)은 스키마 객체의 데이터를 입력(INSERT), 수정(UPDATE),

[Manipulation=교묘한처리,조종]

조회(SELECT), 삭제(DELETE)하거나 테이블에 잠금을 설정하거나 (LOCK TABLE), SQL문의

처리의 절차에 대한 정보를 얻거나 (EXPLAIN PLAN), PL/SQL 모듈을 호출하는 작업(CALL)의 집단이다.

각 문장은 INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT, LOCK TABLE, EXPLAIN PLAN, CALL 등으로 시작된다.

PL/SQL의 모듈에서 사용할 수 없는 DML로서는 EXPLAIN PLAN과 CALL이 있다.

DCL(Data Control Language)은 트랜잭션의 성격을 제어하는 것으로서 SET TRANSACTION,

COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT와 같은 종류가 있다.

PL/SQL 모듈에서는 DCL을 사용할 수 있고 DCL을 이용하여 모듈의 트랜잭션을 제어 할 수 있다.

발췌 about Oracle 9i PL/SQL  p156   저자 이태윤

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

"Prevention is better than cure." 
Out of a country's health budget, a large proportion should be diverted from treatment to spending on health education and preventative measures.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

You should write at least 250 words.

model answer:

Of course it goes without saying that prevention is better than cure. That is why, in recent years, there has been a growing body of opinion in favour of putting more resources into health education and preventive measures. The argument is that ignorance of, for example, basic hygiene or the dangers of an unhealthy diet or lifestyle needs to be combatted by special nationwide publicity campaigns, as well as longer-term health education.

Obviously,there is a strong human argument for catching any medical condition as early as possible. There is also an economic argument for doing so. Statistics demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of treating a condition in the early stages, rather than delaying until more expensive and prolonged treatment is necessary. Then there are social or economic costs, perhaps in terms of loss of earnings for the family concerned or unemployed benefit paid by the state.

So far so good, but the difficulties start when we try to define what the 'proportion' of the budget should be, particularly if the funds will be 'diverted from treatment'. Decisions on exactly how much of the total health budget should be spent in this way are not a matter for the non-specialist, but should be made on the basis of an accepted health service model.

This is the point at which real problems occur - the formulation of the model. How do we accurately measure which health education campaigns are effective in both medical and financial terms? How do we agree about the medical efficacy of various screening programmes, for example, when the medical establishment itself does not agree? A very rigorous process of eval!uation is called for, so that we can make informed decisions.

IELTS 전형적인 작문 주제(30)

　　The following is a list of IELTS sample writing questions for you to try out. Some of them also include Academic and General Training questions.

1、Some young children spend a great amount of their time practicing sports. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this. use specific reasons

2、It is sometimes said that borrowing money from a friend can harm or damage the friendship. Do you agree? Why or why not? Use reasons and examples in your answer.

3、Every generation of people is different in important ways. How is your generation different from your parents’generation? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer.

4、Some people pay money for the things they want or need. Other people trade products or goods for what they need. Compare the advantages of these two ways of obtaining things. Which way do you prefer? Explain why.

5、Imagine that you have received some land to use as you wish. How would you use this land? Use specific details to explain your answer.

6、Some people like doing work by hand. Others prefer using machines. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

7. You want to persuade someone to study your native language. What reasons would you give? Support your answer with specific details.

8. You have been asked to suggest improvements to a park that you have visited. This might be a city park, a regional park, or a national park. What improvements would you make? Why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your recommendations.

9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should read only those books that are about real events, real people, and established facts. Use specific reasons and details to support your opinion.

10. Films can tell us a lot about the country in which they were made. What have you learned about a country from watching its movies? Use specific examples and details to support your response.

11. Some people say that physical exercise should be a required part of every school day. Other people believe that students should spend the whole day on academic studies. Which opinion do you agree with? Give reasons to support your answer.

12. Some people prefer to spend most of their time alone. Others like to be with friends most of the time. Do you prefer to spend your time alone or with friends? Give reasons to support your answer.

13. If you could invent something new. what product would you develop? Use specific details to explain why this invention in needed.

14. It has been said." Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? why?

15. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing a game is fun only when you win. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

16. Because of developments in communication and transportation，countries are becoming more and more alike. How is your country becoming more similar to other places in the world? Use specific examples and details support your answer.

17. If you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would you change? Use reasons and specific example to support your answer.

18. People attend colleges or universities for many different reasons( for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge)。 why do you think people attend colleges? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

19. In general. people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and detail to develop your essay.

20. Over past 50 years, young people gain status and power but old people have lost. What is the cause and is it a good development or bad development?

21. You and your family are living in a rented accommodation in an English-speaking country. You are not satisfied because there are something wrong with the furniture. So write a letter to the landlord and ask how to resole the problem.

22. Young people are exposed to a great amount of information such as film, book, Internet. In what ways they give bad influence on young people and explain the reason, how to reduce the bad influence with examples.

23.

(A) Do you think government should subsidizes the musicians, artists, actors or drama companies, do u agree or disagree, what should government do?

(G) People doing different kinds of work enjoy different amount of holiday time. Should people have the same amount of leisure time? Give your opinion using some of your own experience.

24.

(A) Some people believe that a country should have the moral obligation to help the other country and some of the people think that exist the misspending of the government and the aid money can not be got by the poor. What is your opinion?

(G) Some people think that children’s lives will be different from their own. Whit is your opinion? Explain the reasons by your experience and examples.

25.

(A) Some people think that machine translation is highly developed in today’s society, therefore it is not necessary for children to learn a foreign language. What’s your opinion?

(G) Today some person has to work away from his family, what is the advantages and disadvantages? Give your opinion and some explains of your experience.

26.

(A) Someone say the age of book is past, the info will be presented by some multimedia tools such as video, computer, television and film , others think the book and the written words will be necessary for spread info & complete education. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.

(G) The culture of different countries are becoming similar so there is no pint for people to go traveling abroad for they could have same experience at home agree or disagree.

27. Parent should limit children time of watching TV and playing computer game, others Insister children spend reading books, agree or disagree?

28. Traveling abroad work for period of months or years, advantages or disadvantages to people and country

29. Do you think people do different jobs they should have different time holiday are you agree or disagree , give your reason an explain.

30. Some people said should not encourage sport at school because it will cause competition rather than co-operation. to what extend you agree with it?